Should the Egyptian Revolution Have Happened Research Paper

Land Degradation In The Nile River Basin Environmental Sciences Essay

Land Degradation In The Nile River Basin Environmental Sciences Essay Per capita accessibility is commonly determined by separating absolute yearly inexhaustible water assets with populace. While this could give an exact picture to nations with no reliance on outer water assets, it doesn't give a precise portrayal to nations with trans-limit water assets. Considering the reliance proportion of the nations gives a substantially more reasonable delineation of future water assets. For example, Uganda has a 40.9% reliance proportion for its all out yearly inexhaustible water assets (Rwanda, Burundi, Tanzania, DRC and Kenya contribute overflow into Lake Victoria). This will be affected when expanded water request in upstream countries brings about decreased water overflows into Uganda. Egypt which initially had a 98% reliance proportion has had the option to cut down its reliance by expanding interchange water assets yet at the same time has a 76% reliance proportion (55.5 BCM out of 73 BCM). Section 4 Land debasement is one of the difficulties looked by a few nations in the Nile River Basin. Land debasement involves any negative or unwanted change in the surface, content, dampness of land because of a blend of normal dangers and man-made exercises. The African landmass is portrayed by 46% of outrageous desert and 11% of land mass that is moist. By and by, in Africa around 250 million individuals are straightforwardly influenced via land corruption while, overall 1 billion individuals in 100 nations are in danger of land debasement. The reasons for land corruption are a blend of changes in the common biological system, and the effect of the human social framework, including human use and maltreatment of delicate and helpless dry land environments. Land Degradation in the Nile River Basin In Rwanda, around 71% of all out land territory is confronting serious debasement and about 60% of its timberland spread has been lost over the most recent two decades incompletely because of decimation, dislodging and repatriation. Thus, over 30% of Burundi is harshly or seriously corrupted. In Tanzania, far reaching land corruption is found in the good countries, particularly on the inclines of Mt. Kilimanjaro. Kenya looked about 30% land debasement in 2002 and around 33% of its populace was legitimately subject to corrupted land by 2008. Likewise, land debasement is far reaching in Kenya, influencing 20% of every single developed territory, 30% of woodlands, and 10% of prairies. Uganda faces land corruption and disintegration covering 60% of its absolute land zone, most of which is in the good countries of the South-west. Ethiopia additionally faces land corruption for the most part in its good countries, particularly in the Amhara locale. It is assessed that Ethiopia loses 4% of its GDP because of land debasement. In Sudan, roughly 1,200,000 km2 of land has debased in fluctuating degrees. The most debased zones are the bone-dry and semi-parched areas in the Northern portion of Sudan where 76% of the countrys populace lives. In Egypt, the North-western delta faces most elevated corruption because of pollution and expanded saltiness. Basic Causes of Land Degradation in the Nile River Basin A portion of the foundations for land corruption in the Nile River Basin are as per the following: Populace Pressure: Growing populace in the Nile River Basin nations squeezes land and its assets prompting serious corruption and decreased yields. For example, most of the populace in Egypt and Burundi, 98% and 58% separately, live in the Nile Basin. In Kenya, 70% of the populace lives in 12% of the countrys land zone which is reasonable for downpour taken care of development, in this way putting gigantic weight on its assets. Deforestation: The most widely recognized reason for land debasement in the Nile River Basin is deforestation. To hold fast to the requirements of developing populace, backwoods are cleared and there is colossal weight on its assets. In Rwanda, the timberland region was decreased to 4700 km2 from 7000 km2 post the annihilation in 1994. Deforestation additionally occurred because of expanded requirement for wood to develop temporary havens for dislodged individuals and for cooking. Bushfires have additionally become regular particularly in the dry seasons in the Eastern and South-eastern locales of Umutara, Kibungo and Bugesera. In Burundi, the pace of deforestation in high because of expanded reliance on wood for fuel. The timberland spread declined from 11.3% in 1990 to 5.9% in 2005. In Tanzania, deforestation is serious in zones populated with exile populaces. Likewise, out of control fire is regular in its fields. Somewhere in the range of 1990 and 2005, Uganda lost 33% of its timberland region because of deforestation. It is assessed that in light of present conditions, Uganda won't have any timberlands by 2055. Uganda loses around $ 200 million every year because of deforestation. Deforestation is a main consideration for land corruption in Ethiopia. While the woodlands once secured 65% of the nation and 90% of the good countries in Ethiopia, by 2001 they were decreased to 2.2% and 5.6% separately. The Blue Nile bowl faces such serious deforestation that almost no woods spread stays in the locale. The backwoods inclusion tumbled from 16% to 2% during the 1980s itself. Over Grazing: The interest for domesticated animals is high in the Nile River Basin. Dairy cattle cultivating prompts over munching in rich terrains, exhausting its quality and profitability. In Rwanda, over touching is seen in run lands particularly in the North-west pieces of Umutara. In Tanzania, over touching is seen for the most part in the Lake Victoria Zone and parts of Northern Tanzania. Over brushing represents 75% of the all out corrupted land in Sudan. In Uganda, the steers passage has a large portion of its property debased due to over touching from Moroto and Kotido in the North-east through Luwero and South to Masaka and Mbarara. Leaving aside the North, the majority of the Corridor is truly debased. Absence of Awareness: Improper cultivating rehearses, poor soil the board strategies because of absence of mindfulness additionally lead to land corruption in the Nile River Basin. For example in Rwanda, just 36.6% of the all out land had soil assurance structures in 2005 when contrasted with 83% in 1998. Environmental Change: Climate change is another factor because of which there is gigantic land corruption. Expanding occasions of floods and dry spells lead to wide spread land corruption. There are different types of land debasement. These incorporate Soil disintegration and sedimentation Surface spillover and floods Desertification and loss of common vegetation Sand infringements Sedimentation and Soil Erosion Sedimentation has three phases. It begins with soil disintegration which is basically the evacuation of top soil which is then moved and saved in various areas relying on the progression of water or wind or gravity. A portion of the reasons for sedimentation incorporate deforestation which decreases water maintenance along these lines expanding soil disintegration; floods and dry seasons; and changes in waterway stream. Sedimentation in the Nile River Basin is seen the most in the Nile Equatorial Region, Blue Nile catchment and the seaside belts. Wide spread deforestation detrimentally affects the sedimentation levels in the Nile Equatorial Lakes and prompts expanding soil disintegration. The siltation of the Nile Equatorial Lakes whenever joined with uncommonly high precipitation could prompt an ascent in the lake levels which could thus prompt flooding. The key issue destinations for soil disintegration in the Lake Victoria Basin are the Kagera River and the Nyando River in Kenya. Because of its geology and heavy precipitation, the Blue Nile catchment faces high paces of sedimentation when contrasted with the White Nile, whose sedimentation is to a great extent held in the Equatorial Lakes and the Sudd locale. While the Nile catchment spillover is assessed at a low pace of 5.5%, the proportion of the overflow of the Blue Nile catchment all alone is 20%. Sedimentation negatively affects stores worked along the Nile River Basin. It stops up the zone subsequently decreasing the measure of water that can be put away. Rwanda Around 40% of land in Rwanda is at high danger of disintegration, 37% requires soil maintenance gauges before development, and just 23% is sans disintegration. Information from field investigate stations report soil misfortunes between 35 246 tons for every hectare yearly, adding up to misfortunes costing about 3.5% of Rwandas horticultural GDP. The Nyamitera River conveys 567,000 tons of particles in merely five flood days to Rwanda, of which the greater part is the yearly suspended residue yield of its Nile Basin area. Expanding utilization of land for tea development is additionally prompting sedimentation in Rwanda. The Mulindi tea estate in Gicumbi region utilizes composts that cause soil corruption, water contamination and deforestation, which thusly brings about soil disintegration, floods and sedimentation in the valley. Burundi Deforestation, over brushing and farming venture into minor terrains are the primary components prompting soil disintegration in Burundi. The silt yield of Burundi and its commitment to the Nile bowl is directly inaccessible. Sedimentation causes numerous issues in Burundi including blocking bay channels of siphon water system plans, stopping up hydropower turbine zones, consuming siphons among others. Tanzania The primary kind of disintegration saw in the Lake Victoria Basin in Tanzania is sheet disintegration where a uniform slender layer of top soil is washed away. In Tanzania, 61% of land region faces soil disintegration with a topsoil loss of 100 tons for every hectare per annum. Most elevated soil misfortune inside the Lake Victoria Basin is from cropland which loses 93 tons for every hectare yearly, trailed by rangeland losing 52 tons for each hectare every year. Moreover, there has been soil misfortune in Shinyanga, Dodoma, Morogoro, and Arusha. Additionally, Kagera Basin is helpless against soil disintegration and filtering of supplements because of its high populace and neediness levels. The Masalatu Reservoir developed on Simiyu River gets a yearly sedimentation yield of 406 m3/km2 or 1.43 tons per hectare. Kenya The Nyanza region circumscribing

Getting a Good Grade From the Essay Sample

Getting a Good Grade From the Essay SampleGrades for GWE and GE WU Essay samples vary for different students. You need to check the scores of all the sample essays in order to see which ones will best suit your level. Sometimes, you might find that even though the essay samples have a range, the grades are actually different for every student.A single score of an academic essay sample is generally considered to be low and indicative of a lower grade for a written essay. If you can get a low grade on an essay, it may indicate that your essay writing skills are not as high as they need to be.Good writing skills are essential in getting good grades from your essays. This is where online essays help you out. With these online essay samples, you can read the test questions and try out the writing styles. However, to make sure that you are satisfied with the essay, you have to test the writing skills of the essay.To prepare for high school students, you should go through this topic on your own. This way, you can identify the writing styles that you want to use in your essay. Knowing this will allow you to know whether you are going to make a good choice with a particular essay sample or not.GWE and GE WU Essay samples contain a number of essay topics. The writing samples come in various topics like Environmental Science, Health, Humanities, Mathematics, Geography, and Religion. You can search for these topics using any of the search engines on the internet.You should also note that these essay samples should be easy to read and write. You can check your essay during the editing process. If you find that you are not comfortable reading the samples, then you should rewrite them.Academic essays and tests are written by students all over the world. These kinds of essays are required in the entire curriculum. If you do not like the topic of your high school studies, you should apply to colleges to increase your chances of getting into a prestigious college.GWE and GE WU E ssay samples are widely used. Although these sample essays are short, they contain huge amounts of information about various subjects. By using the essay samples, you can familiarize yourself with the subject matter and the writing styles.

Homesick Idioms with the word mal say this and more

The French word mal means badly or wrong and is used in many idiomatic expressions. Learn how to say headache, seasickness, work hard, and more with idiomatic expressions using  mal.   Mal  is often confused with  mauvais  because they both have negative meanings and can be adjectives, adverbs, or nouns. Here are a few pointers. Mal  is usually an adverb  meaning  poorly,  badly,  improperly, etc. It can also be used in front of a past participle in order to give that verb a negative meaning.   Mauvais, in the rare instances where it is used as an adverb,  means  bad. Mauvais  is usually an adjective that modifies a noun and means  bad,  mean,  wrong, and the like.  Mal, when used as an adjective,  means  bad,  ill-at-ease,  immoral, and the like, and can only be used as an adjective with copular (state-of-being) verbs such as  Ãƒ ªtre  (to be) and  se sentir  (to feel). Dont mix up mal and mauvais  with bon and bien either.  Its easy to do because the two pairs have similar meanings, but bon and bien are positive,  while mal and mauvais are negative. Common French Expressions with Mal Aux grands maux  les grands remà ¨des.Big problems require big solutions.avoir du mal à   faire quelque choseto have a hard time doing somethingavoir mal à   la tà ªte, aux dentsto have a headache, toothacheavoir un mal de tà ªte, de dentsto have a headache, toothacheavoir le mal de merto be seasickavoir le mal du paysto be homesickle bien et le malgood and evilbon grà © mal grà ©(whether you) like it or notcest mal vupeople dont like thatde mal en pisfrom bad to worseà ªtre bien malto be close to deathà ªtre mal avec quelquunto be on bad terms with someonefaire mal à   quelquunto do harm to someoneHoni soit qui mal y penseShame on anyone who thinks evil of it. /  This person has hidden evil intentions.mal du sià ¨cleworld-wearinessne voir aucun mal à   quelque choseto see no harm in somethingnon sans malnot without difficultyon na rien sans malyou cant get something for nothingpas malnot badpas mal (de)quite a lot (of)prendre la chose malto take it badlyrendre le bie n pour le malto return good for evilse faire mal / Je me suis fait mal au pied.to hurt oneself / I hurt my foot.se donner du malto work hardse donne un mal de chien à   faireto bend over backwards to dosy prendre malto do a bad job; to handle something badly

The Definition and Discussion of Theology A Chapter Review

Chapter 3 Review The definition and discussion of theology that the author provides in this text is a very interesting perspective, and very different from many concepts of Evangelical theology that might be extrapolated from typical images and portrayals some of them accurate, and others perhaps not of self- or media-proclaimed Evangelical Christians today. Rather than calling for a strict doctrinal reading, Carlo asserts not that an appropriate theological perspective must necessarily take into account the time in which the theology is being drawn out and assessed. He raises many arguments to this end, and they are quite compelling both from practical and from purely rational lines of thinking that is, Carlo provides both empirical and logical evidence to back up his claim of the ever-changing nature and the inevitable adjustments and developments of world-relevant theologies. The discussion of historical theology is especially persuasive in helping Carlo make his point, as it points out a stark d isparity between the manner in which some people approach present theology and the way they approach the study of past theology. Human beings have a tendency to do this with all bodies of knowledge, where what is known today is assumed to be the final or definitive word despite the fact that what was known yesterday with the same degree of certainty is readily dismissed. If historical context is important for understanding the theology of previous eras, modern contextsShow MoreRelatedA Research Paper On The Quality Research906 Words   |  4 PagesThe reason this book is being reviewed is because this was one of our textbook for our book review. This book was for our class to understand how to write a research paper in higher standard. 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Childhood Obesity and Nutrition free essay sample

Abstract Schools may have an ethical obligation to help in the prevention of the increasing propensity toward childhood obesity. School programs can be implemented to improve the nutritional quality of students’ diets. Students spend approximately one third of their day in school and consume one to two meals there per day, therefore justifying the importance of the responsibility to advise dietary behaviors and influence healthy decisions. In consideration of these logical methods, the ethical dilemma arises as good actions conflict with those that may be seen as a conflict of interest by interfering with the choices of children and their parents, faculty, and the community. Childhood obesity is a serious medical condition that affects millions of children and adolescents. This disease is a growing public health concern that must be addressed at the prevention level as opposed to the treatment level, as healthcare has traditionally held its focus. The costs associated with this epidemic continue to rise to astounding levels. We will write a custom essay sample on Childhood Obesity and Nutrition or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page These costs are not only monetary, but more importantly, they are the costs associated with the loss of the ability to live a healthy life. While treatment is undeniably important in taking care of our nation, efforts must be made at multiple levels to prevent the problems our country is going to continue to see if we do not. Schools have a responsibility to protect a student’s well being and to implement policies that will benefit the student and the community in which the student lives. Implementation of these policies can be a challenge as decision makers and supporters have opposing opinions and raises ethical concerns. The idea behind schools is more than teaching students academically, it also includes a responsibility to support student health, both physically and emotionally. Nutritional health and well being has long been taught and known to support academic performance. It is also known that students who are well nourished are more likely to retain information and less likely to miss school due to sickness. Research has proven that children from low income families perform better on standardized tests if they participate in the schools breakfast program. These students also have higher attendance than those who do not participate in the school breakfast program. School implementation around healthy diets and exercise will support the greater community in the long term by preventing health related financial costs associated with health problems that largely affect those who are overweight, in addition to the short term costs that may result from childhood disease developed as a result of childhood obesity. Emphasizing and providing healthy meals, supporting exercise, and education in the schools is important to learning and productivity and short and long term disease prevention. It must be challenged if it is the ethical obligation of the schools to provide children with these tools and resources to make smart decisions or if this challenges the choice of children and their parents, faculty, or even the food and beverage industry who markets specifically to children. This paper will present research for justifying the need for regulation of foods provided in schools in order to address the existing epidemic and further prevent childhood obesity. The increasing number of obese children and youth in the United States has led policy makers to rank it as a critical public health threat. In 2004, there was a research report written about a study that lasted from 1999 to 2002 entitled Prevalence of overweight and obesity among children and adolescents: United States conducted by the Centers for Disease Control. According to that report 16% of children 6-19 years olds are overweight or obese. This is three times what it was in 1980. This report also discovered than an additional 15% were at risk of becoming overweight (Ogden et al, 2010). Not only has this number tripled, but in the past three decades (according to this same study) obesity has more than doubled in both children and adolescents from ages 2-5 and also ages 12-19 while more than tripling in children between the ages of 6-11 (Hadley et al, 2004). Childhood obesity leads to increased risks to physical and emotional health. According to the CDC, one in three American children born in 2000 will develop type 2 diabetes (Seibel, 2008). Young people are also at risk of developing serious psychosocial burdens due to societal stigmatization associated with obesity. Between 2001 and 2005, the hospital costs for obese children increased from $125. 9 million to $237. 6 million, according to a study that tracked trends in childhood obesity on hospital care and costs. Researchers also identified a near-doubling in hospitalizations of youth aged 2 to 19 with a diagnosis of obesity between 1999 and 2005 – from 21,743 to 42,429 (Trasande, 2009). When people eat more calories than they burn off, their bodies store the extra calories as fat. A couple of extra pounds of fat is not a big deal for many people, however, if people keep up the pattern of eating more than they are burning off over time, more and more fat builds up in their bodies. Eventually, the body is holding so much extra fat that the excess fat may cause serious health problems. Factors that increase a child’s risk of becoming overweight include diet, inactivity, genetics, psychological factors, family factors, and socioeconomic factors. Regular consumption of high-calorie foods, such as fast foods, baked goods and vending machine snacks, contribute to weight gain. High-fat foods are dense in calories. Loading up on soft drinks, candy and desserts also can cause weight gain. Foods and beverages like these are high in sugar and calories. These foods are often served in cafeterias and are considered competitive foods as they â€Å"compete† with healthy options available to students. Inactive kids are more likely to gain weight because they do not burn calories through physical activity. Inactive leisure activities, such as watching television or playing video games, contribute to the problem. If a child comes from a family of overweight people, he or she may be genetically predisposed to gaining weight, especially in an environment where high calorie food is always available and physical activity is not encouraged. Some children may overeat as a way of dealing with problems or emotions, such as stress or boredom. Their parents may have similar tendencies. Kids cannot be blamed for liking sweet, salty and fatty foods because they do taste good. Since most children do not shop for the family’s groceries and the parents do, they can control their children’s access to these foods by putting healthy foods in the kitchen at home and leaving unhealthy foods in the store. Children from low income backgrounds are at greater risk of becoming obese. Poverty and obesity often go hand in hand because low income parents may not have the time and resources to make healthy eating and exercise a family priority. Obesity affects both body and mind. Extra weight puts stress on the body, especially the bones and joints of the legs. As a child gets older, kids and teens that are overweight are more likely to develop diabetes and heart disease. The health problems that affect overweight children and teens include Blount’s disease, arthritis, slipped capital femoral epiphyses (SCFE), asthma, sleep apnea, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, gallstones, fatty liver, polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and insulin resistance and diabetes. Blount’s disease is a bone deformity of the lower legs, caused by excess weight on growing bones. Arthritis is a painful joint problem that may be developed in part to wear and tear on the joints from carrying extra weight. Asthma may be obesity related and results in difficulty breathing, making it harder to keep up with friends, play sports, or just walk from class to class. Sleep apnea is a condition where a person temporarily stops breathing during sleep and is a serious problem for many overweight kids. Not only does it interrupt sleep, but can leave people feeling tired and affect their ability to concentrate and learn. It may also lead to heart problems. High blood pressure results in the heart having to pump harder and the arteries must carry blood that is moving under greater pressure. If the problem continues for a long time, the heart and arteries may no longer work as well as they should. Although high blood pressure is rare in most teens, it is more common in overweight or obese teens. Abnormal blood lipid levels, including high cholesterol, low HDL, or â€Å"good† cholesterol, and high triglyceride levels will increase the risk of heart attack and stroke when a person gets older. Gallstones are an accumulation of bile that hardens in the gallbladder and may be painful and require surgery. Fatty liver is when fat accumulates in the liver, causing inflammation, scarring, and permanent liver damage. Pseudotumor cerebri is rare, however, causes severe headaches in obese teens. There is no tumor, but pressure builds in the brain. In addition to the headaches, symptoms may include vomiting, and unsteady way of walking, and vision problems that may become permanent if not treated. Polycystic ovary syndrome is where girls who are overweight either miss their periods or do not get them at all. They may have elevated levels of testosterone levels in the blood. Although it is normal to have some testosterone in their blood, too much can interfere with normal ovulation and may cause excess hair growth, worsening acne, and male type baldness. PCOS is associated with insulin resistance, a sign of possibly developing type 2 diabetes. Insulin resistance and diabetes are developed when insulin becomes less effective at getting glucose into cells as a result of excess body fat. More insulin is then needed to maintain a normal blood sugar. For some overweight teens, insulin resistance may develop into diabetes (high blood sugar). Children may also experience social and emotional problems. Children often tease or bully their overweight peers, who then may suffer a loss of self-esteem and an increased risk of depression as a result. Overweight children tend to have more anxiety and poorer social skills than normal weight children. At one extreme, these problems may lead to acting out and disruption the classroom. At the other end, they may cause social withdrawal. Stress and anxiety also interfere with learning by negatively affecting academic performance. Social isolation and low self-esteem can create overwhelming feelings of hopelessness in some overweight children. When children lose hope that their lives will improve, they are well on their way to depression. A depressed child may lose interest in normal activities, sleep more than usual or cry a lot. Some depressed children hide their sadness and appear emotionally flat instead. Either way, depression is as serious in children as it is in adults. I believe that schools are one of the primary locations for reaching children and youth. Both inside and outside of the classroom, schools present opportunities for students to learn about healthful eating habits and regular physical activity, engage in physical education, and make food and physical activity choices during school meal times and through school related activities. Because children consume so many of their daily calories in schools, the school is the logical place to focus efforts in prevention of obesity through healthy eating. Currently, schools have competing focuses. One is the federally regulated National School Lunch and Breakfast programs and the other is the competitive foods market where profits in an open market are the main focus. Competitive foods are those that are sold as snacks in the lunchroom, in vending machines on school grounds, and refreshments offered for sale at school activities. They are typically high in calories and lack nutritional quality and health benefits. 55% of high school students and 44% of middle school students eat these unhealthy foods at school and often in place of meals (Fox et al, 2009). Currently, only minimal federal standards exist for the sale of competitive foods in schools. Unfortunately, many schools are on limited budgets which make providing healthy choices difficult. To generate funds needed to function, school food services often sell the competitive foods because they are able to make a profit on these items. However, data shows that limiting these food offerings may increase meal consumption and actually increasing profits for schools and vendors rather than reducing profits as feared by school administrators (Woodward-Lopez et al, 2010). Promoting meals offered at schools and increasing the likelihood of buying by students can be crucial to efforts made in schools to reduce and prevent obesity, further benefiting not only the children, but the schools as well. Many schools around the country have reduced the commitment to provide students with healthy food options. One is in part to the budget cuts schools experience. Lack of state and federal funding force administrators to cut where they see appropriate with the goal of providing students with the maximize options under limited resources. Another reason is that many do not support the importance of prevention at the school levels and neglect the bigger picture that we are feeding our youth to become participating members in our communities. Those who do not support regulation within the schools argue that children have the right to choose the food they eat. On the flip side, schools are regulated in many areas including student coursework and activities where student’s and parents’ opinions are not taken into consideration. The argument that a child has the right to choose foods of poor nutritional quality at school conflicts with the societal value of child protection. A child’s right to fleeing obesity is among the 54 binding standards and obligations of the 1989 United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (UNICEF). Beachamp and Childress’s four foundation principles of biomedical ethics (Kleinman et al, 1998) can help support the question of whether a policy should be in place in schools to provide healthy foods to children in school meets the standards to justify regulatory action. The four principles are autonomy, beneficence, nonmaleficence, and justice. Autonomy addresses the conflict between school nutrition regulations as an intervention of childhood obesity and the individual right to choose what one eats. So who is responsible for what a child eats? Is it the child, the parents, the schools, the community, or government agencies? Because children do not have the full knowledge of the nutritional values of the foods they eat, parents and schools can provide foods that meet optimal nutrition and the child can then choose from those options. Both can offer healthy options as opposed to those that may be harmful to a child’s health and development. Healthy school meals are often in competition where unhealthy snacks and sugary drinks are offered in the cafeterias. This negates the goal of regulation. Instead, by offering healthy snack options that will not compete with healthy meals will ensure that students are making healthy choices. In addition, serving healthy foods in schools may carry to the home where students may continue to eat healthy food and also serve as an example to those at home by promoting healthy diets. The National School Lunch Program stated, â€Å"The educational features of a properly chosen diet served at school should not be under-emphasized. Not only is the child taught what a good diet consists of, but his parents and family likewise are indirectly instructed† (Pikoff, 2009). The principle that intervention should not inflict harm is known as nonmaleficence. Regulating healthy food options is not viewed as inflicting harm, however, offering food lacking in nutritional quality could be viewed an inflicting harm on children. Schools and vendors profit from the sale of unhealthy foods and it can be reversed by educating students to not choose those foods over the healthy options. Kids will not go hungry but it is still argued by many that they will not eat foods that are of a higher nutritional quality. In the argument for providing healthy choices, students will have multiple options to choose from or they can bring their lunches from home. Students have even reported a preference for healthy, fresh food choices over other snack foods (Gosliner et al, 2011). Social justice is a principle of supporting that people are treated fairly with an equal distribution of good and bad. Social and economic inequalities will be consistent with just principles and will support to maximize benefits for the least advantaged (Rawls, 1971). Schools are one place that is able to provide many opportunities to disadvantaged students so they break through the barriers to become contributing healthy citizens. It is argued that it is unethical to advertise unhealthy foods and drinks at schools and affiliated functions where children are at greater health risk. Healthy eating may help support a child’s development where they already experience greater psychosocial stresses. While all children will benefit from regulated healthy food offerings at school, those from disadvantaged background may benefit most. Sales and profits of unhealthy foods to vulnerable children can be considered unethical and an example of nonmaleficence, where harm is intentionally inflicted on children. Society’s ethical obligation to reduce harm to children is threatened by schools and vendors who provide foods lacking nutritional value in order to maximize profits. Consequently, children suffer as they are vulnerable. Regulating school meals optimizes nutrition and helps to prevent childhood obesity. In addition to prevention benefits, healthy eating optimizes academic performance and cognitive reasoning (Center on Hunger, Poverty, and Nutrition Policy 1995). Many regulations have been well received regarding healthy meals, classroom education, and physical education. However, they have not been implemented to full potential in all schools to have a significant impact on decreasing and preventing childhood obesity. In 2005, California was the first state to limit competitive foods and beverages in schools. The school was effective in implementing the state legislation by limiting unhealthy snacks and beverages and replacing with foods that meet the guidelines as mandated by legislation. Examples of this substitution included replacing sodas with sports drinks, chips with baked versions, and crackers with reduced fat varieties. Although the changes met the legislation’s mandates, it did not make a big difference in offering nutrient rich foods such as fruits, vegetables, and whole grains. New regulations were implemented and varied from state to state. As a result, Congress and the USDA have been encouraged to examine the quality of foods being offered in schools. In December 2010, the Healthy, Hunger-Free Kids act of 2010 was passed as a law. This act requires the Secretary of Agriculture to establish science-based nutrition standards within a year. All food and drinks offered outside breakfast and lunches at schools had to meet these standards. Whether these standards were met within a year as required and met the recommendations set by the Institute of Medicine is unknown (Pub L No. 11-296, 124 Stat 3183, 2010). Improvements to the National School Lunch and School Breakfast programs were improved as a result of the Healthy, Hunger-Free Kids act as it enforced schools offer meals that meet dietary recommendations as outlined in federal Dietary Guidelines for Americans. Part of these standards include more offerings of nutrient rich foods such as fruits, vegetables, and whole grains, and limiting foods high in fats, sugars, and salt. Large strides will be made if these policies are implemented. The major challenge of this will be effectively limited unhealthy foods across the board and finding the money to spend on the more nutritious foods during economic cuts. These challenges will slow or limit the goal of the programs in promoting health and decreasing and preventing childhood obesity. A prime example of how these goals are limited is through the privatization of school nutrition programs, about a quarter being outsourced to large food service management companies such as Aramark and Sodexo. The Agriculture Department pays for a portion of the healthy foods for schools, including fresh fruit, potatoes, and lean meats. The school then has the choice to cook these foods or to sent to processors to make these foods into chicken nuggets and pizza for example. These processed foods have about the same nutritional quality and unhealthy snacks such as chips. Sodexo claims they support â€Å"nutrition education to encourage young students to eat more fruits and vegetables† (Komisar, 2011) yet they are giving rebates to the schools for contracts to process their foods. Many administrators are choosing profit driven menus as opposed to purchasing locally and investing in our nation’s future of health. Interventions are needed to support regulation in schools by providing evidence of the importance of schools’ effects in providing healthy meals. It is a school’s responsibility with support of educators, parents, community members, and government agencies to provide an environment that promotes education and health. Regulations should limit unhealthy competitive foods and offer healthy alternatives that do not contribute to empty calories and rather provide nutritional values in accordance with the Dietary Guidelines for Americans. Regulation is in the best interest of a child’s health and further developing into a contributing itizen of the community and decreasing associated long term medical costs. As stated by the precautionary principle, â€Å"When an activity raises threats of harm to human health or the environment, precautionary measures should be taken even if some cause and effect relationships are not fully established scientifically† (Wingspre ad Conference on the Precautionary Principle, 1998). In other words, society has a moral duty to protect the public from exposure to harm where research has shown risk. Decreased learning abilities as a result of poor health and nutrition are well documented. Other studies show that academic performance is improved, especially in students from disadvantaged families, as a result of better nutrition and increased physical activity (Hollar et al, 2010). A healthy diet may close the gap in learning disparities in disadvantaged students. Students from this background will benefit most from ongoing access to nutritious foods. A child’s future may also be compromised if obese or have poor nutrition and the nation will be burdened with increased medical costs. It is well documented that these deficiencies may contribute to heart disease, diabetes, osteoporosis and other linked health problems. There is no ethical justification for the promotion of unhealthy diets to school-aged children. A child’s best interest demands the support and resources to address the issues of obesity and to take prevention measures in schools by supporting and implementing regulation. Until recently, efforts had focused largely on the treatment of obesity rather than prevention. Reversing the rapid rise in obesity among American children and youth will require a broad based approach involving multiple partners and tough choices and trade-offs at various levels. Given the intertwining nature of the issue, prevention efforts need to be coordinated at the highest federal levels. In addition to federal contributions, state and local governments should take on a leadership role by raising childhood obesity prevention to a top priority and making continued commitments to support policies and programs that match the scale at which the problem now exists. Just as broad based approaches have been used to address other public health concerns, including automobile safety and tobacco use, obesity prevention should be public health in action at its broadest and most nclusive level. Prevention of obesity in children and youth should be and can be a national public health priority. Since the 1930s, the federal government has had commitments to programs that address nutritional deficiencies and encourage physical fitness, but only recently has obesity been targeted specifically. In Healthy People 2010, the health objectives for the nation, the U. S. Depart ment of Health and Human Services (HHS) set a goal of reducing the proportion of children and youth who are obese by five percent by 2010 (Healthy People 2010). Only through policies, legislation, programs, and research will significant changes be made. The officers of HHS are in the best position to organize a high level task force involving other federal agencies to coordinate research programs, policies, and budgets aimed at reducing childhood obesity and to encourage the interdepartmental teamwork needed to resolve such a complex issue. Congressional support will be crucial to ensuring that funding is made available for the research that is needed to further clarify the causes of childhood obesity and to identify the best measures to prevent it. For example, expansion of the total funding for the state grant programs available through the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention could lead to needed resources being allocated to support more states, particularly those with the highest prevalence of childhood obesity. Congressional support also is key to moving forward efforts that need legislative authorization, such as setting nutritional standards for all foods and beverages available in schools. State and local governments are in the best position to focus on the specific needs of their state, cities, and neighborhoods. Many of the issues involved in preventing childhood obesity – including actions on street and neighborhood design, plans for parks and community recreational facilities, and location of new schools and retail food facilities – require decisions by county, city, or town officials. States should increase funding for their public health agencies so that they can more fully follow through on launching obesity prevention efforts. Governments at all levels should coordinate national efforts with state and community efforts and engage community organizations and the private sector in developing new approaches to promoting healthy weight. Rigorous evaluation of obesity prevention interventions is essential. Only through careful evaluation can prevention interventions be refined; those that are unsuccessful can be discontinued or refocused, and those that are successful can be identified, replicated, and disseminated. The federal investment in research focused on childhood obesity must be strengthened in order to do this. The obesity epidemic is a serious public health problem that calls for immediate action to reduce its prevalence as well as its health and social consequences.

People’s Attitude Towards Abortion in Australia free essay sample

People’s attitude towards abortion in Australia Abstract: The hypothesis, â€Å"It is apparent that in Australia people are not supportive of abortion. † would be tested in the report. The aim of it was to reveal the current views of people in Australia towards abortion, under the circumstances of different age and cultural background. A questionnaire about justified reasons, legalization and values on abortion was constructed and the target group would be 20 international students and 20 local Australians. The international students were mainly Chinese, and a few from South-East Asia. Though most participants did not have a really strong stance of supporting abortion or not, when there were further questions about Pro-choice behaviour and legalization of abortion, it was discovered that participants were actually in respect of freedom of choice, and agreed that abortion should be legalized. Therefore it could be said that comparing the 2 sides, participants were rather supportive to abortion. Based on the results, extended researches covering a larger target group which could mostly represent different cultural groups could be conducted to test whether abortion was really generally acceptable or not or could it be legalized under all cases. We will write a custom essay sample on People’s Attitude Towards Abortion in Australia or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Introduction Abortion had been a controversial issue for hundreds of years, discussions and debates were always held to argue whether it should or should not be declared legal. This issue was crucial at all time because the attitude towards it were mainly influenced by various important values of life like morality, human rights and freedom of choice, adding that they were the key factors to determine whether it should be declared legal. â€Å"Abortion can be defined as the expulsion or removal of an embryo or foetus from the uterus of the pregnant mother† (Blade, 2008). It could be divided into two types. First, the â€Å"spontaneous abortion† occurs when the mother’s body ejects the foetus due to different reasons, usually natural ones (without human effort). This report focused on another type of abortion, â€Å"induced abortion†. This was what people usually mean when they use the word abortion. In other words, it was the â€Å"termination of pregnancy†. After the Federation in 1901, abortion was handled by the British Offences Against the Person Act of 1861. In the act, abortion was illegal , no matter under what circumstances. However, since then, abortion would be legal in some cases under the law. For instance, Natasha,(1998), suggested that under the McGuire ruling (1986) in Queensland, abortion could only be legalized when the mother was in threat that abortion could preserve her life or health. Another case that abortion could be legalized was that if the newborn baby would die immediately or within a short period. For the current legislation about it in Queensland under the Queensland Criminal Code, the viewpoint remained similar that the court would prohibit abortion unless the mothers life or health is in danger. Though, it did not reveal any response on the change of attitudes of people towards abortion. The aim of the report was to reveal the current views of people in Australia towards abortion, under the circumstances of different age and cultural background(international students versus local Australians). It appeared that nowadays more and more people were supportive to abortion. This view would be supported by the results from survey and then a discussion part of it would be included and at last the conclusion and recommendation would be formulated. Methodology: Questionnaires about the attitudes of abortion of people were used to collect data for the report. A qualitative methodology was used. The reason for choosing it was because the report focused more on depth, rather than quantity. According to the Family Health International (2005), a qualitative research provided information about the â€Å"human† side of an issue, which was often contradictory. It could also interpret the complex reality or create a better understanding to a specific situation and the implications of the qualitative data. Another important point was that it could help identify intangible factors (age, gender, nationality, religion, etc) in the report. These factors were the keys that influence a person’s attitude toward the issue. The emphasis of the questionnaire was to understand participant’s standpoints for or against abortion, therefore 10 out of 14 questions were about their opinion, the rest were 3 attribute questions and 1 knowledge question. The total number of participants was 40. There were altogether 20 international students studying in Australia and 20 local Australians completed the questionnaire. Among the participants, 23 of them were female and 17 were male. In the student group, 2 of them were under or below 18 and 18 were at the age of 19 to 30. Among the local Australians, 6 of them were between 31-45 and another 14 were 45 or above. A point to note was that for the international students, 15 of them were Chinese. To make sure the information would be kept secret, no questions were about identity or other private information. The questionnaires were given out in two ways. The first way was to distribute them at school and at homes, and another way was to distribute them through the internet. Participants were quite interested to the questionnaire as they thought that it was a controversial issue. However in the process, participants found confused with the last open-ended question about the relationship between culture, age and abortion as it was not required to state reasons but lines were given. Moreover, due to a lack of time in completing the questionnaire, i. e. in 5 or 10 minutes, the data collected might be distorted. Results: The purpose of the questionnaire was to find out the attitudes of people in Australia towards abortion.