Development Stages of a Child - 565 Words

According to Freud, the child develops socially through a series of ‘psychosexual stages’ e.g. oral, anal, phallic, latency and genital. The first three psychosexual stages are focused on more as they span the important first five years in which the id, ego and superego develop. Fixation, when libido (sexual pleasure drive) is locked into a stage, determines personality and is caused by either frustration or overindulgence. If a child is fixated in the oral stage for example, as a result of frustration, the adult will be characterised as envious, pessimistic and sarcastic. Freud believed normal development occurs when a child does not fixate on a stage. According to Erikson, the child develops socially as they pass through eight developmental stages, referred to as psychosocial stages, which are each characterised by a psychological crisis. The psychological crisis must be resolved in each stage before the child can move on to the next. Each stage also has two possible o utcomes e.g. negative or positive and it is successfully completing each stage that results in a healthy personality and sense of self. Failing to complete a stage means the ability to complete further stages is reduced and personality and sense of self can become negative and unhealthy. According to Kohlberg, children develop socially by developing a sense of right, wrong and justice. There are six stages of moral development which are divided into 3 categories e.g. premoral and preconventional stages,Show MoreRelatedChild Development Stages1244 Words   |  5 Pages As children grow towards adolescence they go through many stages of development. Child development refers to the stages of physical, cognitive, emotional, social, and language growth that occurs from the birth to beginning of adulthood. All aspects of a childs development may be affected by many different factors, including a poor learning environment, lack of social interaction, cultural background differences, abuse, and loss of a parent. All of the before mentioned examples can affect theRead MoreStages of Child Development804 Words   |  4 Pagesgenerations yes, but also to aid in the development of the student in all aspects. Some students have a harder time developing the whole person, meaning that they have a harder time developing the physical, cognitive, and emotional-social parts of themselves all at the same time and pace. A student observation of a typical 2nd grade classroom was completed and one child stood out among the rest in his setting in both of their charac teristics and stages of development. In order to protect the rights ofRead MoreDevelopmental Stages Of Child Development1146 Words   |  5 PagesEvery child is different, and so is every parent s experience; but experts have gained a clear idea about the range of normal development from birth to the time of a person’s death. Although most child development experiences are not going to be the same due to the differentiation between culture and genetics, there are developmental milestones every child should experience within a certain range of age. Some of the most apparent factors of a child’s developmental stages are genetics, parentingRead More5 Stages Of Child Development : 5 Stages Of Human Development1867 Words   |  8 PagesThere are 5 stages of human development the first one being Infancy. Infancy lasts approximately from birth to two years and is where a large amount of early learning occurs in the infant’s development. This learning can be influ enced by environmental cues for example a parent’s behaviour. It is within this time period that basic skills are mastered for example crying, nursing, co-ordination and developing the ability of using words to identify images and objects. At this stage in the child’sRead MoreChild Development Stages 0-19905 Words   |  4 PagesChildren’s Development from 0 to 19 years Stages of Child Development: Age ofChild: | Illustration: | Physical Development | Intellectual /Cognitive Development | Social Development | Emotional Development | 0 - 3 | | 0-3 Months: * Tries to lift head. * Begins to hold objects when placed in hand.3-9 Months: * Establishes head control * Begins to sit with support from about 6 months un-supported.9-18 Months: * Is now very mobile e.g. crawls, bottom-shuffles, cruises, walks.18Read MoreWhat Are Three Stages of Child Development3389 Words   |  14 PagesWhat are the three stages of child development Write two paragraphs on each of the two sub-phases of the first stage 0 to 6 years. Child development refers to the biological and psychological and emotional changes that occur in human beings between birth and the end of adolescence, as the individual progresses from dependency to increasing autonomy. Because these developmental changes may be strongly influenced by geneticRead More Erik Erikson’s Stages of Child Development Essay1170 Words   |  5 Pageseight stages of human development, which last throughout an entire life-span. Throughout each developmental stage, each developmental task presents a catastrophe for the individual. Erikson defined catastrophe as â€Å"a turning point of increased vulnerability and enhanced potential† (Santrock 73). Each of Erikson’s developmental stages is presented in such a way that the negatives and positives are clearly defined. Although there are eight developmental stages, five pertain to a child’s development. Read MoreThe Principles, Sequences And Stages Of A Child s Growth And Development1 284 Words   |  6 PagesThe principles, sequences and stages of a child s growth and development. This includes Social development, Physical Development, Intellectual development and communication development. Physical development outlines the basic body changes which you begin to develop such as fine motor skills, which is like writing and so on. This also includes social development, where you will meet new people everyday and interact with them, and become more involved in the relationships you will share with othersRead MoreErikson s Stages Of Development And Child Directed Speech862 Words   |  4 Pagesamongst many more things. Their psychological development and interactions with their social environment change along with their forms of communication as they mature and learn; all of which can be seen and explained in Erikson’s stages of development and child-directed speech. According to Erik Erikson, a developmental psychologist and psychoanalyst, from birth to 1 year of age, children psychosocially go through the stage of Trust vs. Mistrust. At this stage infants either trust they will be taken careRead MoreBasic Normal Stages of Child Development Essay example3282 Words   |  14 PagesBasic Normal Stages of Child Development This section is a brief overview of child development looking at children from birth to the age of five. It is easiest show this information as part of a table as it enables us to compare different parts of a child’s development along side each other. It is also very important to realise that the ages and time frames shown in the table have been taken from the average ages and would not be cause for concern if a child developed slightly

Positive And Negative Impacts Of The Columbian Exchange

The Columbian exchange has helped to double the world’s population between 1650 and 1850. The exchange introduced to the new and old worlds to a variety of things that undoubtedly has shaped the world in time that followed. The Columbian Exchange refers the time that resulted after Christopher Columbus and other explorers discovered the land that would become known as the Americas and many islands, such as Bermuda and the Caribbean. This age of exploration and discovery introduced the newly discovered lands and the old world to new people, animals, and plants, but not everything exchanged between the two worlds was beneficial to all parties involved. This essay will examine the positive and negative impact the Columbian Exchange had both†¦show more content†¦Upon arrival of the Bermuda Islands and the Americas, the rat thrived while simultaneously weakening the native people, who unlike the Europeans weren’t immune to these sorts of diseases. The black rat also introduced brought fleas that infested the dogs, cats, and rabbits in the new world. Rats weren’t the only stowaways that were mistakenly brought by the Europeans, insects also claimed passage to the New World. The list to include, the Asian cockroach, Japanese beetle, Dutch elm disease, and gypsy moth. Which brings up yet another item Columbus hasty packed for its voyage for the New World, disease. The natives of the land described the diseases spread from contact with the natives of the Old World as, â€Å"Invisible bullets†. These various diseases such as, smallpox, influenza, and malaria, would in fact to be more potent than manufactured weapons could ever be. Once the various diseases reach the natives, they spread rapidly as if with a vendetta. While the exact number of Native Americans and Islanders that fell prey to their own immune systems is unknown, the projected percentage is believed to be more than forty. J. R. McNeil describes how â€Å"on some Caribbean islands, the Native American population died out completely. In all, between 1492 and 1650, perhaps 90 percent of the first Americans had died†. Its undeniable that the spread of diseases, more specifically smallpox, worked in the favor of colonist. To see howShow MoreRelatedPositive Effects Of The Columbian Exchange703 Words   |  3 Pagesthe time period known as the Columbian Exchange. Most of what the Europeans took from the Exchange was good, but some of what they brought was devastating to the people in the New World. Although, this time period was very brutal for the Native Americans, the Columbian Exchange resulted in the transmitting of new technologies, an increase in remedies and cures for diseases, and a growth in resources such as food that helped to improve life. During the Columbian Exchange there were civilizations thatRead MoreThe Cultural Impacts Of The Columbian Exchange775 Words   |  4 PagesThe Columbian Exchange By definition, the Columbian Exchange is described as the transatlantic flow of goods, people, and diseases, beginning with Christopher Columbus’s voyages and discovery of the New World in 1492. (Give Me Liberty!) This interpretation, however, does not give this event the acknowledgement it deserves, as the effects of this complex transaction made a significant impact of the modern history of the world. It completely shaped the world humans live in today, from the languagesRead MoreThe Positive Effects Of The Columbian Exchange1643 Words   |  7 PagesThe term â€Å"Columbian Exchange† refers to the massive transfer of life between the Afro-Eurasian and American hemispheres that was precipitated by Columbus’ voyage to the New World . It was known as the widespread interchange of plants, animals, diseases, culture, human populations and technology between Europe and the Americas. After Columbus’ arrival to the Americas, the plant, animal and bacterial l ife began to mix between the Americas, which was also referred to as the â€Å"New World† and Europe,Read MoreColumbian Exchange Dbq889 Words   |  4 PagesColumbian Exchange BBQ The Columbian Exchange was a major milestone in the diffusion of the New and Old World. In 1492, Columbus arrived in the Bahamas(2), where he first came in contact with Native Americans. There, both exchanged their cultures such as crops, animals, metals, and germs, hence the name, Colombian Exchange. This has brought about both positive and negative effects. While some negative impacts are exemplified by the near-genocide of Amerindians, the demerits are outweighed by theRead MoreWhat Was The Columbian Exchange? Essay1618 Words   |  7 Pagesresult of this was The Columbian Exchange in which there was a large trade of animals, plants, technology, culture, slaves, diseases, and even new religions. This exchange effected the way Europeans, Americans, Asians, and Africans lived their daily lives. The Columbian exchange was by far one of the most paramount events in the history of world technology, agriculture, culture, and ecology. In this research paper the following will be answere d: What is the Columbian Exchange? Plants and animals transportedRead MorePositive Impact Of Christopher Columbus s Discoveries1247 Words   |  5 Pages Positive Impact of Christopher Columbus’s Discoveries The world is a better place because of Christopher Columbus’ important discoveries in the New World. His explorations resulted in the vast expansion of property for Europe, the exchange of goods and cultures between countries and a change in the worldview of geography. Columbus’s explorations were the catalyst for unprecedented trade known as the Columbian Exchange, which started the exchange of goods and ideas that would last for centuriesRead MorePositive Impact Of Christopher Columbus Discoveries1249 Words   |  5 PagesPositive Impact of Christopher Columbus’ Discoveries The world is a better place because of Christopher Columbus’ important discoveries in the New World. His explorations resulted in the vast expansion of property for Europe, the exchange of goods and cultures between countries and a change in the worldview of geography. Columbus’s explorations were the catalyst for unprecedented trade known as the Columbian Exchange, which started the exchange of goods and ideas that would last for centuriesRead MorePositive Effects Of The Columbian Exchange837 Words   |  4 PagesThe Columbian Exchange had many effects on the world we know and live in today. There are many views on whether these effects were a positive or negative impact on us. The exchange brought diseases and slavery, but it also brought new technologies and culture. Throughout history there have been conquerors and conquered, the Americas are no different. Though the impact on the natives was unpleasant, I believe the Columbian Exchange was a positive event for th e New World because it brought technologicalRead MoreThe Columbian Exchange : A System Of Exchanges Between Eurasia And The Americas938 Words   |  4 PagesThe Columbian Exchange was a system of exchanges between Eurasia and the Americas. It started when Christopher Columbus and other voyagers began to discover and populate the Americas, which is also referred to as the New World. During this time of discovery and expansion, newcomers began bringing plants, animals, technologies, and diseases along with them to the New World. However, it did not stop there. Once people began traveling back to the Eurasia, which is also known as the Old World, they wouldRead MoreChristopher Columbus Hero Or Villain1658 Words   |  7 Pagesthe New World, it was inhabited by native people, who were used by the Spaniards to help navigate and understand the landscape of the islands and also as workers to find gold. Columbus has a mixed legacy because he had positive and negative attributes; he made t he Columbian Exchange, which increased the amount of plant and animal species in the New World, and is an important explorer in American history, but also began the start of the African slave trade and caused population devastation due to slavery

Solving Prison Overcrowding with Drug Courts Free Essays

Elizabeth Johnson was a model student. She was characterized by her teachers as hardworking, driven, and goal oriented. After being placed on the honor roll and graduating early from Morris High School in Will County, Illinois, she attended Northern Illinois University to become a lawyer. We will write a custom essay sample on Solving Prison Overcrowding with Drug Courts or any similar topic only for you Order Now Within her first year at college, her life derailed. She was caught by the police and arrested for possession of marijuana. Johnson was expecting to be placed in prison but she found herself in a drug court, which assigned her mandatory drug rehabilitation. After graduating from the rehabilitation program, she went back to school at John Marshall Law School, and passed the bar exam. Now, after seven years of completing the drug program, she has not relapsed and works as a District Attorney for Will County. However, stories like Johnson’s aren’t common. For every story like hers, there are hundreds of stories where the drug user would be sent to prison, shattering his or her future (Cain). Our prisons, now host thousands of non-violent drug users. These prisons have high upkeep costs, and have led to overcrowding in some states (United States, Department of Justice). The establishment of drug courts, throughout the nation, would result in less economic costs to America, while still rehabilitating drug users successfully. Currently a large part of the Federal budget goes to the criminal justice system and more specifically in stopping drug abuse. In 2005, the government spent 135. 8 billion dollars stopping substance abuse and addiction (Lyons). This money is spent on creating new rehabilitation programs and testing facilities for drug users to attend. However, drug users attend these programs on a voluntary basis. They are able to join and leave the programs at any time (Lyons). The Federal Government is spending billions on increasing rehabilitation facilities available, but is still sending drug users to prison. The courts still assign prison as sentences for drug users, as opposed to rehabilitation (Vrecko). Now, the Department of Justice needs another $6. 172 billion, on top of their current budget, for the rise in costs of federal prisons (United States, Office of Management and Budget). Our current drug policy is failing to match the Federal Government’s initiative for rehabilitation. The current drug policy and harsh punishments has led to prison overcrowding. The New York Times reported that in California, there has been an increase of 45,000 drug users in prison. This increase has fostered the argument of California’s prisons being overcrowded. California’s prison system is overcrowded with 145% capacity. There has now been a surge of cases to the Supreme Court about the constitutionality of the prisons (Liptak). Much of the problem of prison overcrowding has been linked to drug users. In 2009, the Federal Bureau of Prisons reported that 51. percent of prisoners are in prison for drug related charges. For comparison, in 1995, the number of prisoners for drug related charges was 26. 7 percent. (United States. Department of Justice. ) The number of prisoners has nearly doubled due to harsher drug policies stricter punishments. Like California, many states are dealing with a surge in drug users in prison which has resulted in an increase in upkeep costs. For example, Washington will need to build three new prisons to ensure the constitutionality of their prisons. Peter Aldhous, who earned his PhD from the University of California Berkley, wrote that each prison will cost $250 million to build and an additional $45 million to run each year. Unless Washington changes some of its drug policies, they will likely see a continued rise in the amount of drug users in prison and â€Å"prison upkeep costs†. Moreover, Aldhous expects 4. 1 billion dollars to be spent on new prisons across the nation over the next decade. While this is a long-term cost to states, many states will need new beds and other items for their prisons. In Texas, the prisons will require 17,000 new beds (Lyons). In addition, states will have to hire more prison guards. In the end, the short term cost to the state may be around 1 million dollars (Mergenhagen). As the number of overcrowded prisons rises, drug usage while in prison also increases. Many drug users in prison have the ability to meet their friends and family on visits. During these visits, drugs have been given to the drug user in prison. However, the drugs that are exchanged are drugs that are hard to be traced during urine tests. As a result, inject able drugs, which leave no trace in urine, are the most likely to be exchanged. The drugs are then used in the prison cells where other cellmates may use the drug as well. In a study comprising of 13 prisons, the range of prisoners who used injectable drugs while incarcerated was 16% to 54%. (Lines). When sharing injectable drugs, the prisoners also share the needle. This has disastrous effects on the health of the prisoners. Sharing needles causes an increase likelihood of contracting diseases like HCV, HBV, and HIV (Lines). Another study, which looked at 43 prisons, found that the average HIV/AIDS prevalence is 3%. However, specifically in New York, the prevalence was 12. % (Mergenhagen). Outside of prison, America has a HIV/AIDS prevalence of . 3% (United States. Department of Health and Human Services). Drug users in prison are 10 times more likely to contract HIV/AIDS versus the average population. Finally, the recidivism rate has not fallen with the harsher drug policy. Within two years of being released from prison, 32% of the drug users are incarcerated again for drug charges (Fox). This high recidivism rate furthers the idea that the inmates are not receiving the proper attention in prison to deal with their drug addiction. Drug users are sent to prison typically at a young age similar to Johnson. In prison, they do not receive any â€Å"additional education, job training, or counseling. † They are then released back into society without any new resources to succeed. Instead, they carry a record which impairs them from obtaining jobs, and the psychological problems of being behind bars for an extended period of time (Phlisher). The recidivism rate remaining high, and lack of resources for individuals to succeed points to the need for a new solution rather than prison. â€Å"Drug courts† are the ideal solution. These drug courts are separate from the normal criminal court. Dr. Scott Vrecko, who obtained his PhD from the London School of Economics, claims that drug courts are specifically made for sending drug users to a rehabilitative program. If the judge feels as if the individual would be more successful in a â€Å"rehabilitative program as opposed to prison†, he or she will send the drug user to a program of the judge’s choice. If the drug user fails the program, he or she will be sent to prison. This option gives them the ability to have â€Å"education, job training, and counseling† while in rehab. However, the availability of drug courts is limited to only a few states with Florida being the largest. In these states, they have great success on limiting the toll that prisons bear for drug users. Yet, only 6% of drug users in the nation have access to a drug court (Gorsman). 6% is too small to have any far reaching impact across the nation. Increasing the number of drug courts available to the nation on a federal level would have a strong effect on lowering the cost for prisons and reducing the recidivism rate. The creation of drug courts would have a beneficial economic impact. First, it would lower the percentage of drug users in prison from 51. 4% to around 17% (Berman). This would vastly lower the economic costs of maintaining the prisons. Moreover, it would only cost 1. 2 billion dollars to create drug courts throughout the nation (Gorsman). The proposed 1. 2 billion dollars is a fraction of 135. 8 billion dollars the nation already pays for the creation of rehabilitative programs (Lyons). The rehabilitative programs are already built and running. These drug courts would enforce mandatory attendance to the program. In fact, it would save about 1. million dollars per 200 people per year. (Lyons). The estimated savings would easily cover the costs of creating the drug courts after a few years. Many of the drug users in prison are not there on their first arrest, but their second and third arrest. The largest drawback of the prison system, is its inability to reduce recidivism. However, drug courts have become more effective at reducing recidivism. In one study, the recidivism rate was 4% to 8% after two years of being released from the program (Berman). This number is significantly lower than the 32% recidivism rate for drug users who go to prison (Fox). The most extensive study was done by Brenda Newton-Taylor an M. D. from Stanford. The study involved 432 participants and factored out eight different variables including â€Å"length of drug usage, race, gender, income, and the specific drug used†. They found a recidivism rate at 6% for those who graduated from the rehabilitative program. Furthermore, those that failed the program used drugs less often than before after being released from prison. On average they used drugs about a third as much as they used to. This resulted in the individuals having better jobs and maintaining better lives. The creation of drug courts have been effective in reducing the recidivism rate and lowering the cost on prisons. Many of the present arguments against the establishments of drug courts is related to a theoretical rise in drug users due to a less severe punishment. However, this idea has been empirically disproved. In the certain areas where drug courts are present in America, such as Florida, there has not been a statistically significant increase in the amount of drug usage or drug users (Marlowe). Much of this has been applied to the continued social stigmatization of drugs. Although some states have taken a shift in their drug policy, the stigmatization of drugs still exists. Further, although the mandatory treatment program is not as harsh as prison, it is still not an appealing punishment (Marlowe). The average length to graduate from the program is about 8 months (Newton-Taylor). The time required to graduate still deters individuals from using drugs. If they fail the program, they will be sent to jail which still acts as a deterrent. (Marlowe). The argument of increased drug consumption lacks empirical evidence. The establishment of drug courts throughout the nation would help to solve some of the pressing needs of overcrowding within state prisons and the stagnant recidivism rates. Elizabeth Johnson has been pleading her case to the Illinois state government for the creation of drug courts in every county. Many representatives have joined her support of drug courts, and Illinois has seen large strides in reforming their drug policies. (Cain. ) With many large states such as Florida shifting to drug courts, the push for the federal government to enact the change will undoubtedly follow. How to cite Solving Prison Overcrowding with Drug Courts, Essay examples

Environmental Air Pollution Essay Example For Students

Environmental Air Pollution Essay My views of the environment are rooted in my belief in creation. I do not believe that life on earth began spontaneously, nor do I believe that the earth is so delicately balanced. I dont believe that the earth and its ecosystem are fragile. Many radical environmentalists do, they believe man can come along, all by themselves and change everything for worse. After hundreds of millions of years, they believe that we are the last two generations of human existence. And they think we can destroy the earth all by ourselves?I simply cannot believe this view of man and his works. I refuse to believe that people, which is also a result of Creation, can destroy the best creation in the universe. Although some arrogant radical scientists believe that they are capable of unlocking every door of the universe and above all else, capable of understanding it, it is a fact that there are some things in this world that man just cant understand, and cannot understand, and we must accept these things in faith. This one small planet has the conditions that are necessary for life and is perfectly placed in our solar system. If we were placed a little further from the sun, we would be a really big ice cube. If we were a little closer, we would be roasting in one big oven. And the placement of the Earth is not by chance, it was placed here for a reason. We humans had nothing to do with earths creation, nor did we have anything to do with its placement or its functioning. We are only a part of it. We are as much part of it as the Spotted Owl, which is a bird. But environmentalists picture humans as a natural enemy of nature. According to them, we are capable of destroying earth merely by being ourselves. I also dont understand how these scientists of whom which say we are powerful enough to destroy earth, can also say we are no better than a frog. Unfortunately for them, this is what they believe. They seem to think that all life forms on the planet, other than humans, peacefully exist together. They think that humans destroy. Most animals and insects depend on each other for food and do not peacefully co-exist. We could not destroy the earth even if we wanted to. The earth is over 4 billion years old. Man has been here for no more than 200,000 of those years. We cannot even come close to creating the forces of nature, yet these forces have been around for 4 billion years. And yet, the earth is still here. Mount Pinatubo, in the Philippines, spewed forth more than a thousand times the amount of ozone-depleting chemicals in one eruption than all the chloro-fluorocarbons ever manufactured by evil man and possessed corporations in all of history (RLimbaugh, The Way Things Ought to Be, p155).So now scientists say that 4-6% of the ozone loss could occur over the Northern Hemisphere over the next 2-3 years (RLimbaugh, The Way Things Ought to Be, p155). Remember: this has been going on for billions of years and we still have a healthy ozone layer. Again, the facts are here, man cant even come close to equaling the CFC output of a volcano. Conclusion, Mother Nature has been attacking her own ozone layer for millions of years, and its still here. We have only been measuring ozone since 1956 (RLimbaugh, The Way Things Ought to Be, p155). And scientists still claim that they know enough for us to change our lives. Maybe the largest environmental worry in the recent years is the potential problem of the Earth heating up because of mans abuse of the environment. There is little evidence behind these theories, and most of these theories are being voided after each new study. .u7ab673a09957e722005f98fe15510847 , .u7ab673a09957e722005f98fe15510847 .postImageUrl , .u7ab673a09957e722005f98fe15510847 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u7ab673a09957e722005f98fe15510847 , .u7ab673a09957e722005f98fe15510847:hover , .u7ab673a09957e722005f98fe15510847:visited , .u7ab673a09957e722005f98fe15510847:active { border:0!important; } .u7ab673a09957e722005f98fe15510847 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u7ab673a09957e722005f98fe15510847 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u7ab673a09957e722005f98fe15510847:active , .u7ab673a09957e722005f98fe15510847:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u7ab673a09957e722005f98fe15510847 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u7ab673a09957e722005f98fe15510847 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u7ab673a09957e722005f98fe15510847 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u7ab673a09957e722005f98fe15510847 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u7ab673a09957e722005f98fe15510847:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u7ab673a09957e722005f98fe15510847 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u7ab673a09957e722005f98fe15510847 .u7ab673a09957e722005f98fe15510847-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u7ab673a09957e722005f98fe15510847:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Advantages Of Capital Punishment EssayScientists say a supernova 340,000 years ago disrupted 10% to 20% of the ozone layer, causing only a sunburn in prehistoric man (RLimbaugh, See I Told You So, p178). Has man ever created anything even close to the radioactivity and explosive force of a supernova? My answer: doubtful. And if pre-historic man only got a sunburn, how can we get cancer from air conditioners